What Can We Do With Homelessness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1184 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homelessness Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Almost every wild creature on the planet has a home of some kind. Hermit crabs have their shells, clown fish have their reefs, and even nomadic creatures like elephants have the safety of the herd to go back to at night. Yet, no one can explain why or how over 550,000 people living in the U.S are without stable housing (State of Homelessness, 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Can We Do With Homelessness" essay for you Create order This figure may not seem like much when compared to the rest of the general population, however, when one considers that 40,000 of those homeless are War Veterans, who fought for our country, the numbers seem to mean more. Please take a second to contemplate the thought of a well-known War Veteran in the community or a family member struggling to find housing. Now, imagine how devastating it would be to see them on a street corner with nothing but a blanket to keep them warm. If those facts do not ignite the drive in you to spark change in your community then please take the time to understand that 41,000 children and young adults are also homeless and do not have permanent homes along with the support of family members (State of Homelessness, 2018). What truly instills my inner ambition to help change this is that when I was a child, I couldnt dress, care for, or financially provide myself without my parents. I cant begin to imagine how I would get by on my own with no home to go to, no one to comfort me, and no one to love me as a child. I cant imagine what my childhood wouldve been like without my parents, or my childhood home. Issue Awareness Have you ever taken the time to speak to the homeless, to learn about their story? I did once, and it changed my entire perspective and outlook on homelessness. It was early April and it was very cold out, I was out and I was going to go buy snacks and I saw a man right outside sitting on the curb of the convenience store that I go to. My heart felt heavy seeing him shiver in 50-degree weather because he was wearing nothing but a thin worn out shirt and a pair of brown pants. As I got closer, I noticed that his sneakers were worn out to the point that duct tape was being used to hold his shoes together. When I looked at his face, however it was clean, and he did his best to keep his long hair in place by pulling it back into a bun. His concentration was so absorbed in trying to contain any warmth in his hands that he did not notice me, until I was directly in front of him. I immediately knew what I wanted to do with the money that I was going to use at the store. It was almost an instinct to place it into his hands and quietly walk away. There is a disconnect between society and their knowledge regarding the homeless. Too often the focus is on statistics and numbers, rather than the actual people. How can we be proud of ourselves if we cannot help our own despite our blessings? What is the point of having the power and intelligence to venture into the stars and build technological marvels if we forget our humanity along the way? Acceptance One issue that I noticed with people not wanting to help with the homeless, is the preconceived notion about why they are homeless to begin with. The stigma that the homeless do not want the responsibility of a nine-to-five job or that they are all lazy is very popular in the American society. The paradox is that our homeless are typically discriminated against at job interviews because of the lack of stable housing and their unkempt appearance. In essence, the people that need these opportunities the most are prejudiced through the misconception of how one may become homeless. Unfortunately, Several of these people are war veterans suffering from PTSD due to their service for our country. Homeless children also lack the necessary skills to work and cannot afford the materials or requirements to attend public schools to acquire such skills. Thus, the idea that all homeless are skilled persons with full body functionality is a smoke screen to obscure an unpleasant reality. Our homeles s are comprised, in most part, of people who do not have the proper resources to take care of themselves and need our assistance. In conclusion, This means that a main reason for the extensiveness of homelessness is that we are failing our obligation to reach out and help our fellow Americans. Solution It is one thing to talk about homelessness and quote statistics; however, it is another matter to actively work on a solution to remedy this national problem. Unfortunately, there are no immediate fixes to this issue that will resolve homelessness overnight. It takes the efforts of those in positions of influence and power to act to achieve any meaningful progress in reducing the amount of people who become homeless in our country. I have come up with a temporary solution to help get people off the streets and into homes that they can live reasonably comfortably. Currently there are over 5.8 million vacant homes in the US that are off market and have no pending occupants (Kimble, M., 2018). They are held in vacancy by the government and each year they continue to cost the government thousands of dollars in lost revenue and property taxes. It would stand to reason that if such houses were available, each city could turn its charity efforts into the restoration of these houses to temporarily house the homeless until they can better their own situation. Leaving these establishments vacant will inevitably reduce the value of neighboring properties and of entire neighborhoods (Florida, R, 2018). Over time, those vacant homes become vacant neighborhoods, in turn become run down cities and towns which in fact increases violence and crime across the board. Making use of these vacant homes as shelters and access points for our homeless, allows the government to control the market value of properties in certain areas and reduce the cost of taxes on the public over time. Furthermore, If every American was to donate a mere 25 cents towards this housing initiative for our homeless, there would be enough money to renovate and refurbish several homes country wide to make them safe havens for people (U.S. Population, 2017). So, I urge you to ask yourself: Ask yourselves is 25 cents too much to give to change someones life? I have faith in the people of this great nation and I would hope that if I were out on the streets looking for a place to stay, someone would care enough to donate 25 cents into a project that could save my life. Mother Theresa once said, We can do no great things, only small things with great love (Homeless Quotes. 2018). All that is required of us in this life is to be human. If we fail at that then why are we here in the first place?

The As Rites Of Passage Coordinates - 891 Words

Trans, as Rites-of-Passage Coordinates Gender transition makes for a provocative quilting point. It shapes various Western social conventions regarding binary-gender identities into an intelligible and recognizable rite-of-passage. Originally theorized by anthropologist Arnold Van Gennep (date), rites-of-passage configure social status-changes into a visible tripartite process denoted by a starting point of separation, followed by a transitional (or liminal) stage, and concluding with a reinstallation back into society under the new station (CITE). While the process is undertaken by, and therefore has been ostensibly created for, the individual (or initiate), rites-of-passage are constituted and maintained by the State, which institutionally controls - or signifies - passage from one phase of the process to another. Each gradation of gender transition – beginning with the individual’s divorce from their prior status (as a ‘man’ or ‘woman’), th rough the mediated liminal state (hormone replacement therapy, real-life test, ongoing therapeutic consultation, surgical remedies), and reinstallation (acknowledged through post-operative letters and/or altered documents to be given – albeit limited – passing privilege) – is orchestrated, measured and controlled. The expected awarded result is to be recognized as analogous with cisgendered women and men. In a predominantly binary-gendered society, to pass as Cisgender defines the successful gendered rite-of-passage; conversely,Show MoreRelatedStar Wars : A New Hope1253 Words   |  6 PagesWilliams uses Gustav Holst’s symphonic poem â€Å"Mars† from The Planets when the Death Star is destructed. Williams also uses a passage from Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring when the droids split up on Tatooine. Characteristics of Korngold’s adventure scores are heard during the dramatic battle scenes including hard accents, loud dynamics, and themati c references. Music often coordinates with compelling sound effects in this movie, like the light sabers. Due to compelling sound effects, music often fades duringRead MoreEvidence Bases Practices1650 Words   |  7 Pagesprobation requires the probation department to periodically check the defendant’s compliance with court orders. The main goal of probation is to: protect the community, hold the offender accountable, rehabilitate offenders, support crime victims, and coordinate and promote the use of community resources effectively. Similarly, the principles of restorative justice focus on the victim, the offender, and the community; however, the process is fairly different. Restorative justice is an approach intendedRead MoreWhat is a Gap Year and Where Did It all Start? Essay3150 Words   |  13 Pagesto book world wide travel. In the 80’s and 90’s the gap year started to change. Backpacking became a popular, cheap form of travel. This cool independent form of travel was easier and cheaper so as airfare prices fell the gap year became a rite of passage for many students. Today, the gap year has transformed from traveling around the world to include working with charity organizations, volunteering, study abroad as well as working towards saving money. In most cases it does not matter whatRead MoreFemale Genital Mutilation: A Violation of Human Rights Essay3246 Words   |  13 Pagespractitioners mention FGM as beneficial are hygiene, social acceptance, and ability to get marriage, preservation of virginity, reduction of female sexual desire, male sexual pleasure, and religious requirement. Practitioners perceive the circumcision rites as congenial junctures that reinforce community principles and ethnic precincts, and the procedure as an essential element in raising a girl to be womanhood. Controlled sexual access to women was tied to ideas about honor, appropriate marriage, healthRead Moreend of life Essay6150 Words   |  25 Pagesanalgesic medication at this time so they can maintain a clear mind. There is no single Buddhist death ritual, type of funeral or afterlife requirement. However, some Buddhists do have special needs as death approaches, in order to assist in the passage to the next rebirth wholesome acts such as generosity, kindness pleasant thoughts are recalled. Peace quiet in order that meditation can take place is important some Buddhists will chant in order to influence their state of mind at the time ofRead MoreTrobriand Islanders-Malinowski and Weiner10855 Words   |  44 Pagesdifference between Malinowskis and Weiners accounts is thus not merely a contrast between an androcentric male observer and a gynocentric female observer,[3] but a difference amplified by the history between the periods of their observations. The passage in time between the fieldwork of Malinowski and of Weiner marks not only a shift in the historical context of ethnography and in the sexual politics of Europeans looking at Trobriand others, but also a transformation of Trobriand real ities. WeinerRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagessuspense date on their review, so you can complete the SOP on time. The commander s approval makes this document a SOP After you receive suggestions and comments from the peer review and your chain of command, incorporate them into the SOP. You should coordinate a final review of the SOP by another person or persons to correct any grammatical and doctrinal errors prior to obtaining authentication, or the signature of the approving authority. Now your SOP is complete and ready for distribution. DetermineRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagespriorities and approved common levels of support (CLS) bands. 9. Oversees the CLS services and capabilities provided to customers. Ensuring that those services are provided within the HQDA guidance, designated priorities, and approved CLS bands and coordinates with the IMCOM RD to change HQDA approved CLS from green, amber, or red. 10. Approves and submits the installation master plan consistent with HQDA long-range plans and goals through the ACOMS, ASCCs or DRUs, and IMCOM. For IMCOM installationsRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesemotional needs of the hospice client and family. 20. What do school nurses do? What is their primary focus? (pg. 578, 580-581) School nurses give comprehensive nursing care to the children and the staff at the school. At the same time, they coordinate the health education program of the school and consult with school officials to help identify and care for other persons in the community. What do school nurses do†¦? The school nurse gives care to the children not only in the school building itselfRead MoreTheology of the Body32011 Words   |  129 Pageswho pursues continence for the Kingdom must likewise seek the values proper to that vocation. 2) The kingdom of Heaven is the definitive fulfillment of the aspirations of all men and of the goodness of God’s bounty toward man. There are many NT passages about it. To understand what it is for those choosing it in voluntary continence, we have to understand the nuptial relationship of Christ with the Church. Eph 5:25ff is crucial both for the theology of marriage as well as for that of continence

Is Gay Marriage Ruining the Sanctity of the Inst Essay Example For Students

Is Gay Marriage Ruining the ?Sanctity? of the Inst Essay itution? Is Gay Marriage Ruining the Sanctity of the Institution? Marriage is traditionally viewed as the legal union of a man and woman as husband and wife. However, what happens when those two people are two men or two women? This topic of gay marriage has been a major issue in the United States over the past few years. It has raised several political debates as well as other minor arguments throughout the United States and around the world. Until recently, homosexual couples in the United States were allowed to marry. Recently, a series of events change the standing of homosexual marriages in the United States. The Supreme Courts ruling in Lawrence v. Texas repealed a Texas law that made sodomy a crime in order to affirm the privacy rights of homosexuals. In November 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the state cannot deny marriage licenses to homosexual couples. Following the Massachusetts decision, more gay marriages occurred publicly across the nation from San Francisco to New York. President George W. Bush responded to these activities by urging Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriages. On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to grant legalized same-sex marriages. Opponents of same-sex marriage argue that marriage is a union between a man and a woman and they view anything else as morally wrong. They claim that homosexual marriage is unconstitutional and would destroy the sanctity of marriage. I believe that gays and lesbians should have the right to marry legally; it would allow them to have several legal benefits, such as medical coverage and pension rights. These same marital rights are given to heterosexual couples, so why would homosexual couples be deprived? I believe that the government should not interfere in personal matters such as marriage. In the United States alone there are over eighty-four major religions that are practiced. Why is it that many of the laws that this country enforce is based on Christian morality? Many court cases have occurred in the United States because of the traditional Christian values that are enforced through law. These religiously derived legal values contradict the concept of separation of church and state. Marriage is one of the few institutions that human beings have to declare our love to one another. Love is a feeling that no constitution can control or limit. Governmental interference in marriage is just the same. How can something as personal as marriage be regulated by the government? One reason that many people say homosexual marriage should not be allowed is because it would promote polyamorous relationships, and multi partner marriages. In heterosexual marriages where multiple partner marriages are not allowed, whos to say that homosexual marriages would cause this? This is a statement made on the assumption that all homosexuals have multiple partners. For that statement to be considered as an argument, all heterosexual marriages should be put to trial because a man may try to marry two women. In conclusion, the main reason that homosexual marriages are not allowed in the United States is because people believe that is immoral. If everything in the world that was supposedly immoral were outlawed, there would be no KKK, cigarettes, or alcohol. It is outlawed based on cultural traditions made in America throughout history. However, if America continues standing for equal rights, freedom of speech, and other basic rights, homosexual marriages must be legalized. Legalization of same sex marriages will show that America, being the great country that it is, still upholds its basic amendment rights, and practices the freedom that people die for to get. .

Case Study Fishing Industry

Question: Describe about fishing industry and also describe their problem, benefit, strategic response, project options analysis and deliverability or recommended solution? Answer: Part 1: Problem Background Blue Sky Fisheries Pty Ltd. is an Australian fishing industry which is based in Adelaide and South Australia. The company provides premium and niche market seafood products to Australian marketplace and international marketplace. The main specialty of the company is sourcing and supplying Australian abalone. The company is well placed in the competitive fishing industry in Australia. The growing population has increased pressure on the company to meet the demands of their customers or clients (ZoomInfo, 2015). Definition of problem The expansion of domestic market and rise in the demand for the Australian seafood in foreign market has increased pressure on the company to harvest resources in sustainable way. If the sustainable innovation is not applied then it can lead to: Environment Issue: The depletion of natural resources is hitting hard to the company to fulfill the demand of the consumers both nationally and internationally. The consumer of seafood are affected as due to increase in number of fishing industry, the company is not able to meet the customers demand every time and decrease in natural resources is escalating matter (Aiyeloja and Ijeomah, n.d.). Employee management: The Company is facing stiff competition from its competitors that is affecting the market share of the company. Moreover, it exerts high pressure on the company to make better strategy every time in order to hold and retain the customers (Dahl, 2011). Due to competition, companys business operation has been affected and employee performance level has declined. Further, this issue is transitory. Wastage of product: The Company is facing problem from the people that are not effectively engaged in fishing of fish or transportation in efficient way. Therefore, the consumers and fishing industries are most affected along with the natural environment. In order to earn higher money, people sideline the amount of wastage. Further, this problem is escalating that can hamper the nature and people in long term (Biggs, 2011). Evidence of the problem Environmental Issue: It is a major issue for the fishing industry as the global use of the fisheries product has increased to 114.5 million tons in 2008 in comparison to 100.7 million tons in 2002. It can be forecasted that in 2030 the global demand for seafood can increase by 37 million tons. Therefore, it can surely be a great threat for the natural resources and for the fishing industry (Davis, 2011). The illegal catching of fish has increased over the years. It has been found that commercial catch fish are sold by the some people to clubs, hotel, restaurants or private individuals in order to gain higher profit. The illegal activity has increased by 33% in 2012 (Aic.gov.au, 2015). Employee Management: The Company is facing competition from Allan Barnett Fishing Co. and J. Manias Co. In the year 2010, Blue Sky sales declined by 2% in 2009 whereas its competitors were able to increase their sales by 2.7% and 3%. Therefore, in order to remain in the race the competitors train their employees so that their sales and income can be increased (Dixon and McGregor, 2011). Wastage of product: In the year 2010, the company has wasted around 30% of the fish product which shows the improper management-ship of the company (Greenfacts.org, 2015). Timing Considerations The government can play important role in checking the fishing issues and problems for the environment and global market. The government can impose various regulations over the percentage of fishing so that sustainable environment can be maintained. On the other hand, government can pose penalties if they find that overfishing is done in spite of warning. In order to sustain the natural environment and its species, the government has to take steps to generate a better and sustainable environment (Hallwass et al., 2010). This would help in providing better world to the people. Apart from that, if the proper are steps are not taken in right time then it can decrease the level of service and the consumer may not be able to fulfill their demand for seafood or fish product. Moreover, if government fails in implementing the strict rules then it can increase the level of illegal fishing and there can be time when there will be no fish in the lakes (Palomares and Pauly, 2011). On the other hand, if response is delayed then it can lead to a wide gap to operate the proposed amendments. The customers can be charged high price for the sea products that can affect the economy of the country. Therefore, solution has to be implemented on accurate time so that all the process can be carried in legalized form (Oecd.org, 2015). Consideration of the broader context The illegal catch of the fish is a major issue outside of the Blue Sky as well. The local fishermen are having problem as they are not able to acquire right percentage of fish due to illegal behavior of catching fish. The sale of the local fishermen in Adelaide has decreased that made some fishermen to adopt illegal activities. Therefore, the issues of local fishermen can be addressed in the proposal so that best solution can be predicted that can benefit both the company and local fishermen (Pcfisu.org, 2015). Part 2: Benefits Benefits to be delivered A better sustainable innovation environment can be gained if the natural resources issues are resolved. Moreover, it can help in enhancing the quality of environment and natural resources can be kept safe and pure. The investment in the making natural resources sustain and survive can have a long term impact and people can be able to see number of fish (Pearce, 2005). On the other hand, in case of growing employee management issue among fishing industry, the Blue Sky Company can be able to meet their requirement of having fish or sea product in maximum quantity. This would help the company to survive in the market place (Rizzuto and Soares, 2012). The company can make investment to build better organizational system in order to preserve and store the sea food for a period of time. Apart from that, the solution to the wastage problem can be put to an end. This would be effective in ensuring large number of fish from rivers. The company can be able to provide quality and delicious seafood to the society and it can help in increasing the customer engagement (Seitz and Hite, 2011). Moreover, the local fishermen can be able to carry on their activities with much easy approach. Therefore, the solution to the problem would help in increasing the GDP of the country and it can increase the economical value of the company. On the other side, the company can be able to largely contribute towards the society and increasing their living standard (Donaldson, 2011). Lastly, the impact of the solution can be on the environment that can be effective for the people to have sustainable environment. Apart from the benefit, the company may not be able to increase their profit if government imposes harsh legislation and regulation on fishing and it can lead to increase in price of seafood (Ctb.ku.edu, 2015). Importance of Benefits to Government and Organization The government and organization can get large benefit for the investment. The company can be increasing their level of fish storage and they can supply required of quantity to the consumers. On the other hand, the company can increase the sales rate and earn better income. The investment in natural resources can help the government to safeguard the natural resources and monitor the depletion rate of fish in the lakes or river. Further, it can help the company to achieve sustainable environment and better reach to the natural resources without affecting the natural environment (Graf and Kimms, 2011). The negative effect of employee management by companies on the fishing can be checked and government can be able to track the companies that are not abiding the rules that are laid down in context to employee. Moreover, it can be positive for the company to have an equal chance of fishing and collecting the fish from the river (Greene and Kirton, 2011). Therefore, it can help in providing better competitive environment. Lastly, the investment in controlling wastage can be effective for the government to achieve better economic environment. The implementation of sustainable fishing can help in protecting the livelihoods of the people. Moreover, on the part of company, it can help in promoting sustainable fishing and can fulfill the nutritional needs of the people (Hallwass et al., 2010). Evidence of benefit delivery Environmental Issues: It can be found that implementing the solution to the respective issues has helped in improving the marine ecosystem. The people are more careful towards the natural environment and focuses to have less destruction of the natural resources (Holland, 2007). The company is able to use the natural resources in efficient manner that is helping in making people aware about the benefits of having natural resources. Employee management: It has been discovered that number of workers have increased their performance and are engaging in company activities. Therefore, company is able to engage around 10 million tons of fish from the ocean in the year 2011 (Kumari et al., 2010). Thus, company is able to export fish to foreign market as per requirements. Wastage: The workers doing unethical activities and not controlling wastage can be checked and it helped in decreasing the level of wastage. Therefore, it helps in increasing the efficiency of the company and it increases the productivity of the company (Malakoff, 2011). The overfishing level has been decreased by 40% and people have become more responsible towards the natural resources. Interdependencies The major interdependency that relates to benefit delivery is using other existing proposals so that better solution can be gained in order to solve the arising issues. The management of the company can adopt the decision that is made by US government to improve the fishing industry (Rizzuto and Soares, 2012). Moreover, the companies can reliance on the step taken by Marine Publications Pty Ltd to improve their business operation and supply better quality of product to customers. Part 3: Strategic Response Method and Criteria The company has to adopt strategic action so that rising issues can be resolved. Therefore, in order to sort out the issues, strategic response can be: Plan: The Company has to plan from the very first stage to assess the potential issues so that strategy can be made. The management can engage employers and employees for formulating plan. Risk: The risk associated with the particular strategy has to be assessed in order to know the level of risk that may need to be handled while operating with such strategies. Organizational Culture: The management has to understand the internal culture whether the chosen strategy can be helpful in achieving the long term goal or not. Workers Attitude: The behavior and attitude of the workers or employees has to be understood so that better strategy can be implemented and better productivity can be gained. Social Support: The support from the society can be helpful for the company to solve their problem and provide better service to customers (Pearce, 2005). Regulation: The Company may need to improve their regulation relating to transport, production or relating to employees so that better work environment can be generated. Policies: The policies can be developed in order to sustainable growth and attaining sustainable environment in fishing sector. It can improve the business operation (Tietze, 2011). Foster Innovation: The Company can implement innovative ideas so that quality fish product can be developed and supplied and also wastage can be reduced. Strategic Option Analysis The strategic options can be effective for the Blue Sky to achieve better growth and increase their sale to domestic and international market. On the other hand, the options can be helpful for the company to solve the internal and external issues and generate feasible and effective work environment (Uwah et al. n.d.). The company can be able to develop sustainable environment and reduction in wastage. Strategic Interventions The interventions can be valuable in changing the behavior of employees to have a positive attitude towards the work. For instance, the knowledge and skills of the individual worker can be influenced that improved the performance of the company by 25%. The employees can become more responsible towards environment and customers. On the other hand, the company can provide better social support to the people by promoting educational programs or health promotion campaign (Trujillo and Thurman, 2014). Apart from that, the environment promotion campaign intervention can be effective in making people aware about the natural resources benefit and it can provide knowledge to reduce wastage as it can help in developing better environment. Recommended Strategic Option The company can formulate flexible regulation and policies as it can help in extracting better performance of the employees. Moreover, the employees can become more responsible towards the society and environment (Biggs, 2011). The Blue Sky can be able to fulfill the demands of consumers and can be able to extract the required sea species in order to satisfy the need of customers. Part 4: Project Options Analysis Project Options Considered Cost-effectiveness Analysis: This analysis can be effective in making comparison of different alternatives so that expenses can be predicted. The options can be effective in reducing the net present value of costs or increasing the output level. Multi-criteria Analysis: The suite of various objectives can be dealt that may not be aggregated into a single result. Therefore, in order to use the multi-criteria analysis, the project has to be analyzed whether it can fulfill the requirements of analysis or not (Connelly and Brown, 2010). Evaluate economic Impact: The impact analysis has been used that deliver economic benefit on the project. The high level economic indicator has been used to assess the strategic intervention so that better result can be gained. Demand Analysis: The current demand for the seafood has been assessed that helped in forecasting the future demand for the product. The option has been selected that are more necessary (Daczkowska-Kozon and Sun-Pan, 2011). Review of staff requirements: The right number of staff has been selected that helped in carrying the project in effective manner. The training needs and role requirements has been focused so that job can be assigned. Stakeholder Identification and Consultation The major stakeholder that are related with the project options are marketer, human resource management, statisticians and financial advisers. The financial adviser will help in studying the cost-effectiveness of the project so that cost can be analyzed. On the other hand, the statistician of the company will help in performing multi-criteria analysis by segmenting the number of options on the basis of similar objectives. The financial analyst can help the company to know the economic impact on the performance or vice versa (Donaldson, 2011). The marketer will assist in providing information about demand for the product so that sales can be forecasted for future. Lastly, the human resource management of company can deliver skillful and capable employees that can help in increasing the productivity. Social Impacts The proposal can be effective in providing better social system. The company can be able to provide quality service and better quality product to the society or consumers. The scale options can be effective in providing better facilities to society and meeting their needs (Ellerup Nielsen and Narreklit, 2011). Environmental Impacts The options can have positive impact on the environment. The company can be able to generate environment that can be beneficial for the internal and external people. The Environment Law laid down by government has to be followed along with Health and Employees Law so that they can comply with the current environment and carry on their activities in productive manner (Malik, 2011). Economic Impacts The options can have large impact on the economy that can improve the quality of the system and can increase the productivity that can help in increasing the GDP of the country. Moreover, the employees can be motivated effectively to participate in the companys decision making process or deliver best ideas that can best suit the requirement of company (Navia and Heipieper, 2011). On the other hand, company can be able to provide employment to the people that can be effective in reducing the unemployment level and increasing the standard of living of people. Overall evaluation of socio-economic and environmental impacts The company can be able to supply better social and economic environment that can help in increasing the profit and market share of the company. The company can deliver better quality product to the society and standard living (Palomares and Pauly, 2011). On the other hand, it can be useful in providing sustainable environment and pollution free that can improve the health of the people or workers. Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Amount ($) Storage Cost 40000 Labor Cost 80000 Material Cost 35000 Raw material Costs 30000 Supplier Costs 10000 Administrative Costs 50000 Inspection Charges 4800 Training Cost 4000 Machine Installation Cost 15000 Utilities 2000 License Charge 10000 TOTAL 280800 Benefit The company can be able to store the fish product till the time of its consumption and it can help the company increase their sales and income. On the other hand, the company can fulfill the demand of the society for seafood. On the other hand, meeting the cost of supplier, the company required quantity of fish and raw materials for proving quality product to customers (Pcfisu.org, 2015). Moreover, the skills of the worker can be developed and better productivity can be generated that can contribute in improving the growth rate of the company. Financial analysis In order to gain an estimate that can be used for the project, net present value estimation can be effective. The npv can be useful for the company to make decision and decide future budget in order to conduct the business operations. Project option 1: Do Nothing Project option 2: Do minimum Project option 3: Do something Project option 4: Do maximum Project option 5: Analysis Period (years) 5 5 5 5 5 Capital Costs ($m) 2500 2808 2997 3350 3000 Output Costs ($m) 1800 2100 2500 2800 2750 Cost-Benefit Analysis Present Value of Benefits ($m) 5100 5700 6300 4752 Present Value of Costs ($m) 4800 5500 5700 4388 Benefit Cost Ratio 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.82 Net Present Value ($m) 5202.48 5662 6765 5752 Preferred option 4 3 3 1 2 Table 1: Results of Option Analysis Therefore, it can be analyzed that according to option 4, company can be able to generate better productivity after 5 years that can help in achieving organizational goals. The company can recover all their cost and sale rate can be increased. Therefore, the company can provide quality service to customers. Part 5: Deliverability of Recommended Solution Details of Recommended solution After considering the option analysis table, it can be observed that adopting option 4 can be beneficial for the company, Blue Sky to earn high income after 5 years. The company can be able to increase the sale of fish product by 43% that can ensure better profit and organizational effectiveness (Vasil'ev, 2011). Moreover, various direct and indirect costs can be covered and company can generate better market share. On the other hand, the problem of environment issues can be resolved and company can get required quantity of fish for their business and pollution level from the industry can be resolved. Therefore, it can help in generating better quality product for the customers. Apart from that, company can be able to generate expected NPV if the company is successful in managing employees (Weston, 2009). Commercial and financial Procurement: The PPP procurement approach can be taken in account that can be effective in securing the value for money. The company can innovate and integrate their strategy for gaining development and risk can be transferred effectively. The procurement options range comprises; designs build; design build finance, design build maintain; design build finance maintain and design build finance operate (Ruxton and Hansell, 2010). The DBFM can be effective to improve asset life cycle performance of the company. Risk assessment and management Resources Risk: The lack of available resources that is fish can be major risk for the company. The growing fishing industry can deplete the marine life and percent of fish may not be available (Malakoff, 2011). Therefore, the company has to promote the awareness about fishing and company can store the fish product so that wastage can be controlled and resource risk can be minimized. Competition Risk: In order to combat the competition situation, the company has to provide quality product all the time and the product has to be transported in quick time. This can help in retaining the customers and maintain the market share. Supplier Risk: If the supplier of risk is not satisfied with the service of company then it can be difficult to negotiate with the customers. Therefore, company has to provide right wages to suppliers for their services (Herpandi et al. 2011). Employee Risk: If the employee is not able to perform their task effectively then it can decrease the brand value of company. Thus, company may need to provide training or better packages so that they can eject better productivity from workers. Detailed Costing and Economic Evaluation ELEMENT ESTIMATE Base cost estimate $573500 Base risk allocation $116100 Project cost estimate $297400 Contingency $61300 Project Budget $1048300 Table 2: Summary of project cost Cost Estimate Direct Costs: Materials 40000 Labour 60000 Plant Hire 100000 Indirect Costs Recurrent Overheads Commercial 15000 QA and safety 10000 Project Management Costs 8500 Site Facilities 7000 Plant and equipment 35000 Non-recurrent overheads Project Insurance 80000 Professional fees 20000 Demobilization and disestablishment 9000 Mobilization and Establishment 35000 Owners Cost Authority Fees 9000 Investigations 5000 Contracted Professional Staff 13000 Land Cost and resumptions 45000 Plant and equipment supplied by owner 15000 Contractors Fee Profit Margin 37000 Corporate Overheads 30000 Total of Base Cost Estimate $573500 Table 3: Base Cost Computation ELEMENT ESTIMATE Base Risk Allocation 80500 Escalation 35600 Contingency 61300 Total of Project Risks $177400 Table 4: Project Risk Year Cash Flow Discount Rate (10%) Present Value of Cash Flow 1 650000 0.909 590850 2 730000 0.826 602980 3 785600 0.751 589990 4 836600 0.683 571400 5 995100 0.620 617880 TOTAL 2973100 Costs 1048300 Net present Value $1924800 Funding Sources In order to fund the proposed project, the Blue Sky can generate fund from various sources: Banks: The Company can grant loan from the banks such as Macquarie Bank Limited so that the work can be carried forward. Granting loan from the bank is easy and can be paid at regular specified intervals (Hattis, 2012). Sale of Assets: The Blue Sky can sale their assets that are not in use or unprofitable. The assets can be disposed that provide capital to the company for funding in the project. Therefore, it can help company to achieve the desired target of capital. Companys owner: The owner of Blue Sky can contribute major portion of the capital for the business purpose and if company makes profit then it can ensure high income for the owner. Mortgage: The Company can mortgage their property in order to acquire capital and can release the property when the company makes profit and pays for the profit from earned profit (Gonzalo-Delgado et al. 2010). Management In order to gain higher profit, the company has to manage its business activities so that work of the employees can be aligned towards the target. The senior management of the company has to monitor the performance of the company and on the other hand the production manager has to check the availability of raw materials or any other requirements so that production can be management and availed in right time with least amount of wastage (Greene and Kirton, 2011). The management has to communicate with the stakeholders of the company so that better decision can be made. Apart from that, the strategy has to be made for managing project so that it can be assessed on every stage of development and error can be removed. Delivery Blue Sky in order to bring productivity, it has to implement change management strategy so that operation can be conducted on successful note. The employees can be retrained and supply chain management can be re-engineered so that better service can be provided to customers (Hallwass et al. 2010). On the other hand, the performance measure has to be adopted for assessing the quantity and quality in order to deliver higher and quality productivity to nation. Readiness and next steps The Blue Sky Company has to be ready and has to be attentive to make transition of investment in correct time so that chain of operation does not stop. The alertness of the company can help in tackling the possible challenges related to sustainable innovation programs. The company has to resolve all the issues relating to staffing so that better working staff can be engaged in the next step of operation (Kumari et al. 2010). The job has to be made understood to the staffs so that they can carry their work in respective manner. Therefore, if the company succeeds in their approach then it can help in achieving the sustainable innovation environment and better employee engagement. Exit Strategy The program that are not resulting beneficial for the company has to be eliminated and better program has to be built in order to attain the desire goal. For instance, if the businesses not doing well, the acquisition exit strategy can be effective to remain in the marketplace and operate the business as it can allow having good money to clear debts. On the other hand, the company can be able to minimize their risk of loss and company can be able to organize their business operations effectively (Palomares and Pauly, 2011). Apart from that, if a sustainable innovation program fails the alternative programs can be helpful as it can help in protecting to suffer any big loss. Reference List Aic.gov.au, (2015). Crime in the Australian fishing industry. [online] Available at: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi366.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Aiyeloja, A. and Ijeomah, H. (n.d.). Book of reading in forestry, wildlife management and fisheries. Batten, D. (2011). Gale encyclopedia of American law. Detroit, Mich.: Gale. Bennett, J. and Birol, E. (2010). Choice experiments in developing countries. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Biggs, D. (2011). Fishing Wars and Environmental Change in Late Imperial and Modern China. Environmental History, 16(3), pp.544-545. Bolster, W. (2011). Fishing a Borderless Sea: Environmental Territorialism in the North Atlantic, 1818-1910. Environmental History, 16(3), pp.539-540. Connelly, N. and Brown, T. (2010). Effect of recall period on annual freshwater fishing effort estimates in New York. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 18(1), pp.83-87. Ctb.ku.edu, (2015). Chapter 19. Choosing and Adapting Community Interventions | Section 3. Identifying Strategies and Tactics for Reducing Risks | Main Section | Community Tool Box. [online] Available at: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/choose-and-adapt-community-interventions/reduce-risks/main [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Daczkowska-Kozon, E. and Sun-Pan, B. (2011). Environmental effects on seafood availability, safety, and quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Dahl, M. (2011). Organizational Change and Employee Stress. Management Science, 57(2), pp.240-256. Davis, M. (2011). Occupational Safety and Regulatory Compliance in US Commercial Fishing. Archives of Environmental Occupational Health, 66(4), pp.209-216. Daw, T. (2011). 5 easy pieces: How fishing impacts marine ecosystems. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 8(4), pp.299-301. Dixon, R. and McGregor, A. (2011). Grassroots Development and Upwards Accountabilities: Tensions in the Reconstruction of Aceh's Fishing Industry. Development and Change, 42(6), pp.1349-1377. Donaldson, A. (2011). Impacts of fishing gears other than bottom trawls, dredges, gillnets and longlines on aquatic biodiversity and vulnerable marine ecosystems. Victoria, B.C.: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Ellerup Nielsen, A. and Nrreklit, H. (2011). Self realisation and control in the discourse practice of management coaching. Employee Relations, 34(2), pp.159-176. Fao.org, (2015). Economic engineering applied to the fishery industry - 4. Production Cost. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/003/v8490e/v8490e06.htm [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Futuredirections.org.au, (2015). Fish for the Future: Aquaculture and Food Security. [online] Available at: https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/food-and-water-crises/1269-fish-for-the-future-aquaculture-and-food-security.html [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Gonzalo-Delgado, L., Lopez-Delgado, A., Lopez, F., Alguacil, F. and Lopez-Andres, S. (2010). Recycling of hazardous waste from tertiary aluminium industry in a value-added material. Waste Management Research, 29(2), pp.127-134. Graf, M. and Kimms, A. (2011). An option-based revenue management procedure for strategic airline alliances. European Journal of Operational Research, 215(2), pp.459-469. Greene, A. and Kirton, G. (2011). Diversity management meets downsizing: the case of a government department. Employee Relations, 33(1), pp.22-39. Greenfacts.org, (2015). 6. What actions can be taken to conserve biodiversity?. [online] Available at: https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/6-conserve-biodiversity.htm [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Hallwass, G., Lopes, P., Juras, A. and Silvano, R. (2010). Fishing Effort and Catch Composition of Urban Market and Rural Villages in Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Management, 47(2), pp.188-200. Hattis, S. (2012). United States government internet directory. 2011. Lanham, MD.: Rowman Littlefield. Henriksen, T. (2012). Mary Ann Palma, Martin Tsamenyi and William Edeson, Promoting Sustainable Fisheries: The International Legal and Policy Framework to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Ocean Yearbook Online, 26(1), pp.712-720. Herpandi, N., Rosma, A. and Wan Nadiah, W. (2011). The Tuna Fishing Industry: A New Outlook on Fish Protein Hydrolysates. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 10(4), pp.195-207. Holland, D. (2007). Managing environmental impacts of fishing: input controls versus outcome-oriented approaches. IJGENVI, 7(2/3), p.255. Kumari, M., Kumar, S., Chauhan, R. and Ravikanth, K. (2010). Bioconversion of herbal industry waste into vermicompost using an epigeic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Waste Management Research, 29(11), pp.1205-1212. Malakoff, D. (2011). Europe Unveils 'Radical' Plan to Reform Fishing Industry. Science, 333(6041), pp.396-396. Malik, T. (2011). Real option as strategic technology uncertainty reduction mechanism: inter-firm investment strategy by pharmaceuticals. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 23(5), pp.489-507. Mishra, S. and Shikha, S. (n.d.). Sustainable Fishing and Socio-Economic Aspects. SSRN Journal. Navia, R. and Heipieper, H. (2011). The role of energy-efficient biotechnological processes in the waste management industry. Waste Management Research, 29(6), pp.563-564. Oecd.org, (2015). Value For Money in PPP Procurement. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/45038620.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Palomares, M. and Pauly, D. (2011). Too precious to drill. Vancouver, B.C.: Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia. Pcfisu.org, (2015). towards global sustainable fisheries. [online] Available at: https://www.pcfisu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ISUMarineprogramme-towards-global-sustainable-fisheries.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Pearce, L. (2005). Encyclopedia of American industries. Detroit, Mich.: Gale. Rizzuto, E. and Soares, C. (2012). Sustainable maritime transportation and exploitation of sea resources. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Ruxton, G. and Hansell, M. (2010). Fishing with a Bait or Lure: A Brief Review of the Cognitive Issues. Ethology, 117(1), pp.1-9. Seafish.org, (2015). Overseas Market Introduction Service on Australian Seafood Market. [online] Available at: https://www.seafish.org/media/765537/australia.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Seitz, J. and Hite, K. (2011). Global Issues. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Stickney, R. and McVey, J. (2002). Responsible marine aquaculture. Wallingford, Oxon: CABI. Strategic Geography 2011. (2011). Strategic Survey, 111(1), p.(i)-(xx). Strategic Policy Issues. (2011). Strategic Survey, 111(1), pp.97-138. Tietze, U. (2011). Fishing with beach seines. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Trujillo, A. and Thurman, H. (2014). Essentials of oceanography. Boston: Pearson. Upite, C., Murray, K., Stacy, B., Weeks, S. and Williams, C. (n.d.). Serious injury and mortality determinations for sea turtles in US northeast and Mid-Atlantic fishing gear, 2006-2010. Uwah, E., Ewa, U. and Edu, B. (n.d.). Strategic Interventions in Change Management Process. SSRN Journal. Vainikka, A. and Hyvrinen, P. (2012). Ecologically and evolutionarily sustainable fishing of the pikeperch Sander lucioperca: Lake Oulujrvi as an example. Fisheries Research, 113(1), pp.8-20. Vasil'ev, A. (2011). Sustainability of Development of the Fishing Industry. Problems of Economic Transition, 54(1), pp.29-39. Walker, B. and Hamilton, R. (2011). Employee-Employer Grievances: A Review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), pp.40-58. Weston, R. (2009). The Canadian lobster fishery. Ottawa, Ont.: Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans. ZoomInfo, (2015). Business Profiles and Company Information | ZoomInfo.com. [online] Available at: https://www.zoominfo.com/s/#!search/profile/company?companyId=355860637targetid=profile [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015].

Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Essay Example

Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Paper Lennie and George are well different from the other ranch workers chiefly unlike the workers who are all shown to be lonely. George and Lennie have each other. They relay on each other and their dreams together. There is a bond of trust and friendly relationship between the two chief characters which is tragically highlighted in the shutting lines of the novel. The fresh ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck is set in the early 1930’s following the prostration of the New York wall street market known as the depression old ages. In this clip there was heavy unemployment ; migratory workers from all over America came to California where the novel is set in the Salinas vale in hunt of chances of work. The spread itself is a microcosm of the life for migratory workers in that clip. their insecurities are shown through the characters such as Curley. Candy. Curley’s married woman and besides the life of Black people through Crooks. All the characters are lonely except for Lennie and George who have each other and this is shown through their hopes and dreams. We will write a custom essay sample on Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lennie and Georges history together opens up when George negotiations to Reduce a character that everyone respects. even Curley. George openly speaks to Reduce about the incident when George tells Lennie to leap into the river jestingly. but to everyone’s surprise Lennie leaps in without oppugning George non gaining he can non swim and about drowns if George didn’t deliverance him. even so Lennie thanks George for salvaging him even though it was George who told him to make it in the first topographic point. At this point George’s fright is shown at Leannie’s inability to grok logical and unlogical things. George realises at that minute that if he is non careful Lennie could make the incorrect thing once more. George’s other frights are besides shown in the incident at weed. while speaking about it to reduce he describes Lennie being ‘slow’ as he likes to touch everything he likes. merely wants to experience it. So he reaches to experience a misss ruddy frock and the miss shriek. Lennie gets scared all he can believe to make is keep on and that George had to hit him with a fencing lookout to do him allow travel. Again Lennie’s strength becomes an issue and the author about announcing the hereafter. George is afraid of Lennie non understanding right from incorrect and his strength panics George doing him believe that he might to what he did at weed once more. Lennie is shown to be a kid in a adult males organic structure. throughout the book he wants to be told their dream about like a bed clip narrative and doesn’t feel closing until he has been told it. And once more like a kid he likes soft and fury things associating to the ground why he likes to touch frocks. Lennie’s greatest fright of the all is that he won’t be able to be given the coneies if he did something wrong like the incident at weed once more. he is besides afraid of his ain strength and non being able to allow travel. Lennie and George’s dream of holding a topographic point of their ain ‘living of the fat of the land’ and Lennie and his lucerne spot and be givening the coneies. keep’s them traveling and trusting that they won’t have to worry about Lennie making the incorrect things once more. and George being able to make what he wants make and non believe about what will go on to Lennie. Their dreams create hope for other characters like Candy and Crooks even for a short piece. On the face of it. it appears that Lennie. because of his mental immatureness. is wholly reliant upon George for his endurance and for obtaining work at assorted spreads. Equally of import nevertheless. is the extent to which George relies on Lennie for company in the by and large unfriendly and alone environment of the migratory laborer. As George admits to Reduce when discoursing himself and Lennie ‘it’s a batch nicer to travel around with a cat you know’ . It can be seen ; therefore that George might non be with Lennie strictly out of a sense of commiseration or responsibility to Lennie’s aunt Clara. From the start of the fresh Steinbeck raises the inquiries in the heads of the reader about why these characters should be involved in such an improbable partnership: George is short of stature. intelligent and undertakings assurance. Lennie on the other manus. is a giant of a adult male. heavy in his pace and his head of a immature kid. The class of events that unfold are tragic. most of it starts with Curley and his insecurity about his tallness and his ever willing to pick a battle with bigger work forces to turn out he is non weak. Steinbeck calls him ciphering and hard-bitten and gives him reptilian animate being like qualities stand foring his behavior to a crocodile while Lennie is shown to hold bear and Equus caballus like qualities compared to animate beings with admirable traits. Ch 3 Begins when Curley flops in looking for Slim who he thinks is with his married woman. When Slim re-enters the room stating Curley that he’s sick of Curley inquiring him about his married woman. Curley can’t battle with Slim so he moves to Carlson who warns him non to pick a battle with him. as they all join in Curley feels defenceless and so turns on to Lennie given any alibi to contend with him. As Curley begins to contend him. Lennie gives out a call of panic and turns to George for aid as he was excessively frightened to support himself. George instantly gets onto his pess shouting ‘Give it to him Lennie. don’t Lashkar-e-Taiba him make it’ . George was afraid of Lennie’s strength but he wouldn’t allow Lennie travel down like that he was protective over him. As Curley goes for another blow to the blood covered face. Lennie grabs his fist. Curley is described to be flopping as a fish. Then merely like in weed Lennie held on to the closed fist being crushed by Lennie’s manus. It took both George and Slim to do Lennie allow travel. Curley was warned non to state a word about what happened. After this Curley’s married woman became really interested in what happened really happened to Curley’s manus but cipher spoke to her. When Lennie kills the whelp in the barn. while inquiring what to make Curley’s married woman comes in. even though he shouldn’t talk to her he does. she tells him how she is lonely and merely wants person to speak excessively. besides how unhappy she is in her matrimony to Curley. this is the lone point in the novel where her narrative comes out. how she was neer loved at place. how she married Curley to acquire off from her life. her dreams of going celebrated in films. As Lennie feels her hair blowholes repeat themselves he can’t allow travel and in her battle to acquire free and Lennie’s fear that she will name George he breaks her cervix in effort to hush her once more his inability to command his strength has taken a bend for the worst. He realises what he has done and remembers that if he did anything bad George said to travel to the coppice where he’d happen him at that place. so Lennie rapidly and softly leaves. Candy is the first to happen her in the barn and gets George who knows immediately what has happened he tells confect to allow him travel to the bunk house first so tell the remainder of them so he doesn’t expression involved. There dream is destroyed and candy incriminations Curley’s married woman. when he tells the remainder of them Curley shows no mark of compunction all he can make is believe about acquiring Lennie back. As they all take off to happen Lennie. George manages to happen him foremost by the lake ; even now he is still afraid he won’t be able to be given the coneies. George knows that there is no manner out for them. cognizing Curley he would merely desire to kill him he wouldn’t put him in gaol. and if he let him travel the Lennie couldn’t expression after himself he would decease without nutrient. shelter and person to look after him. George knew that he would hold to kill him when he found Lennie. Just like Candy’s Canis familiaris to set him out of his wretchedness for the interest of Lennie. Besides he couldn’t allow person else do it he told Lennie about their dream one last clip as he told it he softly put the gun to the dorsum of Lennie’s caput without him gaining and changeable him. it was a understanding putting to death. At the terminal it is Slim who comforts him in stating George that he had to make it. Bibliography: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

Utilitarianism and Animal Testing Essay

Utilitarianism and Animal Testing Essay A Tragedy of Animal Testing Essay A Tragedy of Animal Testing Essay Animal testing has been the most controversial and frequently debated topics around the globe. It is also known as animal experimentation, which is usually done to determine toxicity, effectiveness, side effects, and dosage of drugs intended to be used for human treatment. There are two opinions on this question – for and against one. However, the amount of people, who are against of animal testing is larger, and animal advocates beat an alarm for the scopes of animal use in testing. This research paper presents arguments against animal testing and provides evidence that there are alternative methods of tests. In addition, the survey of 22 respondents was conducted in order to support the viewpoint. Despite the fact that a lot of steps are taken in order to decrease the number of dying animals, there should be more efforts made towards total refusal of animal use in testing. Painful Human Experiments on Animals Every year, millions of lives, â€Å"wild world† are taken by painful human experiments. Experimental animals are burned, scalded, poisoned, and staved, subjected to electrical discharges and habituated to drugs. While carrying out a study, scientists induce in animals various diseases such as syphilis, diabetes, arthritis, stomach ulcers, cancer, and AIDS. In experiments for the military purposes, animals are poisoned by gas, cyanide, shot with plastic bullets, and shells. This practice is called vivisection (experiments on living animals: from the Latin words vivus, â€Å"lively,† and section, â€Å"dissecting.† It is originated in the middle of the XVII century, and today represents one of the black spots on the conscience of mankind since cruel experiments on animals continue to be produced on an industrial scale (Fano, 1997). The concept of animal testing remains controversial among different researchers. Some argue that it is immoral to use animals such as rats, mice, frogs, and other millions of animals for such experiments. In fact, animal experiment attracts sharp and diverse reactions between the opponents and proponents. More so, the notable differences are between animal welfare champions and scientists. According to the European Union data, the majority of animals are killed in medical research (65%). Fundamental researches (including military, space ones, etc.) occupy 26%, toxicity tests (cosmetics, new industrial compounds) 8%, the sphere of education 1 %. 85% of animal experiments conducted over the past 100 years, are carried in the period from fall 1950; however, the average life expectancy for this period has not changed much, but the amount and danger of chronic diseases continues to grow (Fano, 1997). The recent scandal with the largest German medical concern Bayer manufacturer of pharmaceuticals, has once again proved that the difference occurring in the human and animal processes makes testing drugs on animals meaningless (Combes et al., 2003). For example, thalidomide was tested successfully on animals and introduced into the drug market in 1956 and later turned out to be ineffective and dangerous. Thalidomide was widely used by expectant women to counter nausea, a vom iting sickness associated with pregnancy (Badge, 2003). In fact, the long term effect of thalidomide was reported as very dangerous, and it was associated with numerous birth defects in children. Though it was banned in 1961, roughly 15,000 victims were affected, and others died (Badge, 2003). Another typical example of medication that proved successful in animals but failed in human beings was the use of Vioxx as an anti-arthritis drug. This drug was widely tested on animals and humans and later approved by over 70 regulatory agencies across the world. It was later discovered that Vioxx drug caused the heart attack, which led to its withdrawal from the market in 2004. Statistical analysis indicates that out of 80 million cases of heart attack, the drug caused between 88,000 and 139,000 cases with roughly 35 percent of these cases leading to death (Hofer et. al., 2004). From this analogy, it can be concluded that only a few animals are used in testing drugs that are consumed by billions of patients. As a result, the process may not reveal certain side effects that may affect hundreds or thousands of consumers (Watson, 2009). Modern medicine has up to 150 drugs that have been tested on animals and proved to be unsuitable for human beings. Analysis of the achievements of modern medicine has shown that progress is related to clinical observations of patients and not to experiments on animals. Such results showed clinical trials of hepatitis, rheumatism, fever, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, and other. The so-called â€Å"war against cancer,† which has begun in 1971, still has no visible success, although the cost experiment with animals exceeded $ 1 billion per year in the U.S. What is more, all the conducted experiments on AIDS issue have been unsuccessful as well (Fano, 1997). Medication requires huge financial costs, which could be successfully spend on persuading people to adopt healthy lifestyles. Before the pharmacy counter is turned on medicines undergo numerous tests on animals within 15-20 years. At this stage of early clinical trials, 90 % of the products are rejected (Combes et al., 2003). Today, a number of centers stand for the development of alternatives to animal experiments. Embryo eggs, bacteria, physicochemical model of cell culture as well as computer model can be used as an alternative for animals in clinical trials. These methods are cheaper, more effective, rapid, and allow the identification of the toxicity of the test drugs on a deeper level –cellular and subcellular (Fano, 1997). In addition, animals are tested not only for medical purposes cosmetics, construction materials, and packaging, the novel compounds produced by industry are also the spheres where vivisection is widely used. Animals breathe vapors from the substance, which concentration is so high that most of them die of poisoning. The most widespread industrial Draize test for cosmetics has the following procedure: the tested product is applied to the rabbit cornea, than the examiner waits until the damage to the cornea occurs. Immobilized rabbit cannot rub the eye, corroded by coated material (Watson, 2009). The animal is released from torment only after opacification and the destruction of the eye. At the end of the experiment, all rabbits are killed in order to determine the effect of toxic substances inside. Another kind of this test is skin irritation: immobilized animal is shaved and the product is applied to damaged skin. Skin damage is performed by tightly clutching the tape to the body of the animal and tearing it sharply. This procedure is repeated several times till several layers of the skin are torn. As it can be seen, these tests are inhuman and animals are subjected to cruel abuse (Combes et. al., 2003). Experimental animals are also used during the education process. Although most medical school graduates will never work with animals, students are forced to carry painful trials on animals (Watson, 2009). Experiments on frogs do not cause so strong perturbations in the society as experiments on dogs or cats do. Many people judge the animal pain in its attempts to escape or scream, but rodents and birds, for example, may fade when they hurt, frogs cry when they feel threatened. One can only imagine what feels an amphibian, which is pinned to a piece of rubber and cut the skin on the breast in order to see how the heart beats. However, some arguments have also been in support of animal experiments. For example, the diabetes disease became treatable after the insulin hormone elimination from pancreas of cows and pigs (Watson, 2009). Researchers must always carry out experiments; however, it will be vital to look for alternative methods that will help reduce the immense use of animals. The reason is that animals have a wider range of similarities in terms of physiological, organ, and tissue system to humans. The similarity between animals and humans outweigh the differences (Fowler Miller, 2008). Such scientists further argue that certain nature of studies work better and faster in animals than in humans. For instance, genetic and reproductive experiments is less time consuming in animals such as rats, which mature and reproduce faster than humans (Parel, Roberts, Khan 2007). To respond to the ethical issues surrounding animal testing, proponents of the experiment argue that researchers give maximum care to the animals and handle them in a friendly manner. Although they are introduced to the new environment, they are always handled with special care. In response to death and injury of animals during research, proponents argue that it is better to use animals than humans. They declare that killing a human being is considered more unethical than killing animals (Watson, 2009). Animals for experiments come from zoos, specialized nurseries or are bred in special conditions. There are companies engaged in breeding of rodents. There are those who grow about a half million of species per year while the animals are grown under conditions that are not in contact with any viruses. Other companies are suppliers of birds infected with certain diseases: obese guinea pigs, which have no immune system, primates suffering from hemophilia, etc. Many primates are caught in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, China, South America, and Africa (Watson, 2009). In some cases, only one or two of the ten monkeys caught during transport to the laboratory survive. Many species are now threatened with extinction because of this practice. From 1954 to 1960, more than half a million of primates from around the world paid their freedom and their lives for their contribution to testing vaccines against polio. The U.S. is the largest supplier of primates: 13 to 17,000 species per year (Fano, 1997). One of the most solid explanations of animal testing cannot be considered as the valid test. The thing is that there are huge physiological differences between humans and any animal, including monkeys, which are considered as human ancestors. From a medical standpoint, it is absolutely impossible to draw a parallel between man and any animal in question of influence of the drug or its components on the body in general or on a specific individual (Combes et al., 2003). Human beings are different from other animals; drugs being safe for human are extremely dangerous for certain experimental animals and vice versa (Parel, Roberts, Khan, 2007). Moreover, even among the experimental animals, there is no one and concise effect what harms mice or guinea pigs has no effect on cats or monkeys. Here are just a few examples of this â€Å"incompatibility.† Strychnine, a poisonous substance for humans, is quietly tolerated by guinea pigs and monkeys in large doses, and for chickens in a tenfold increase of the dose. Atropine can kill a human even at 1 mg amount while its effect on the horses, donkeys, and monkeys is not harmful; pigeons, rats, and guinea pigs did not even react to the presence of this substance in the body. One or two hundred grams of scopolamine do no harm a dog or cat, but even half a gram of this substance can cause death in humans. Opium has no effect on chickens and pigeons, and morphine is dangerous for them only in very large quantities, which cannot be said about cats. However, both these substances are widely used in medicine (Fano, 1997). A human being can go blind from methyl alcohol, and it will not cause any harm to â€Å"experimental† animals. Some human painkillers cause profuse salivation incredibly when taken by a cat, and it gives occasion to look her fury. The difference between organisms is so great that all experiments performed with different animals can fundamentally contradict each other, and be absolutely not applicable to humans (Fano, 1997). The close look to modern medicines shows that many vital medicines would never have gotten a right to exist if they were tested on animal. For example, the most widespread antibiotic substance – penicillin would not ever exist if Alexander Fleming had not given it to his patient, despite the fact that this substance had shown no positive results when tested on animals (Combes, 2003). However, the situation is not as horrible as it seems to be. There are lots of organizations dealing with animal testing problem. Many countries created the set of laws regulation animal use in the products testing. In 1985, the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) introduced the Code of Ethics containing recommendations for the international biomedical research using animals. In the European Union, in 1986, the Council of Europe adopted the European Convention for the Protection of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes and the Council Directive of the European Economic Community for the protection of animals in experiments. They reflect all the main provisions of the Code of Ethics CIOMS. In Italy, in 1993, a law was passed, according to which schools were obliged to provide biomedical profile opportunity for the individual willing to study alternative programs, excluding animal experiments. This law was adopted under pressure fro m the public; in particular, social student organization EuroNICHE actively opposed the use of painful experiments on animals in the learning process and students’ right to receive education without biomedical animal abuse that was supported by numerous animal protection societies. In the United Kingdom, Law on Protection of experimental animals was introduced in 1986. The law provides the implementation of state control over experiments on animals, which is carried by Committee procedures on animals under the Ministry of the Interior. The Committee is formed of scientists, who have extensive experience working with animals, animal advocates and representatives. In the U.S.A., Protection Act for experimental animals was adopted in 1985. The law provides the establishment of ethics committees at each institution that uses animals. Ethical committees hold public control of experiments on animals. They are composed of a veterinarian and independent members. Ethics committees mon itor compliance with the provisions of the law, for example, animal welfare, the use of painkillers, and antistress drugs (Fano, 1997). The experiments on animals in the developed countries adhere to the â€Å"Three R†: replacement, reduction, and refinement. It was first proposed in 1959. After improving, it has become increasingly accepted in Europe and America, its position is the basis for laws to protect experimental animals. The concept involves the use of tissue culture cells, the models of isolated organs (e.g., an eyeball), sections of tissues (skin, cornea, kidneys, etc.), and complex biochemical models (e.g., layered model of the cornea, in which skin and eyes, special microporous substrates culture corneal cells as well as human and animal skin are used, they imitated the epidermis and deeper layers) instead of laboratory animals (Watson, 2009). Application of â€Å"three R† rule resulted in revision for the system of education in schools and veterinary biomedical profile in Europe and the United States. The learning process should be built so that animals are used only if necessary. The tra ining process should be provided with animal testing alternatives: working with cadaveric material and dummies, videos and computer models, special training programs. Most of the necessary practical training with animals should be carried out as a demonstration, and only when the training requires obtaining special skills. As it can be seen, despite the fact that all these laws and acts were adopted relatively long time ago, the amount of animals killed due to the cosmetic, education, medical, and chemical need did not significantly decreased. Positive shift in experimental animals’ protection became possible because of social activity of animal advocates. People refused to buy such products and protested. The question of animal testing was even raised in cinematography, for example, there is a famous movie Legally Blonde 2: Red, White Blonde (2003) directed by Charles Herman-Wurmfeld with Reese Witherspoon as the star part. The main topic of this film is the tests of the cosmetics primarily on dogs. The story of the little dog named Bruiser attracted attention to the problem and made the scopes of the problem being widely discussed. Nowadays, the majority of people do know that animal testing is unethical and illegal. However, they keep buying these products despite considering it as unacceptable. In support of this viewpoint, the survey was conducted. There were five questions: Did you know that the products like household chemicals, medicines, and cosmetics are tested on animals? Buying washing powder or cosmetics, do you think of murdered animals that are involved in testing of these products? We live in the 21st century with highly developed technology and various computer measures used in science. How do you think, is animal testing still a relevant measure to test products? What is your attitude to animal testing? In order to make a conclusion, should household chemicals and cosmetics be tested on animals? Every question has multiple choice of answers, including â€Å"I don’t care† to every question. 22 respondents took part in the survey. 90. 91% (20 of 22) confessed that they knew about animal testing phenomenon, and only 2 said that they doubted that animal testing were true. The answers on the second question showed different attitudes: 9.09% knew about the cruel tests, but still bought the considered products, 22.73% tried not to buy them but still did, 27.27% did not buy such products at all, the same amount was indifferent to the conducted tests, and, finally, 13.64% did not know about tests. The third question showed different results as well. 40.91% of participants said that animal testing was still relevant way of testing, 77.7% of respondents believed that computer could not precisely predict the reaction since it was only a machine, and the rest suggested that animal testing was cheaper and easier. 54.55% of respondents considered vivisection non-relevant, and the rest were indifferent. The attitudes to animal tests were mostly negative – 63.64% considered it to be unethical due to various reasons; 27.28% had a positive opinion on vivisection, and 9.09% were indifferent. Finally, the fifth question 54.55% of respondents definitely were against vivisection, 22.73% were for animal testing, 18.18% found it hard to give a clear answer on that question, and 4.55% were indifferent. Obviously, this survey is too brief to show some evident results, but still, the majority of people are against animal testing. The good thing is that that the variant â€Å"I don’t care† picked only 1 respondent. The rest 21 participants had a deal with this problem, and this is hopeful. Perhaps, if the survey was major, with a larger amount of respondents and survey questions, the result would be more clear and obvious. In order to make a conclusion, animal testing is known as the use of animals in experiments and has caused controversies among researchers and common people. Some argue that it is moral while others contend that it is unethical. In fact, the debate about the use of animals in such experiments raises controversies that are yet to be resolved. Even though the proponents think that animals are better to use than humans, it will be significant to look for other alternative ways of testing human medication that does not impede the rights of animals (Hofer et al. 2004). The reason is that animals the same as humans have the right to live. Killing animals because of experiments remains immoral; hence it is vital to have better ways of determining the effectiveness of any kind of human medications. This will lessen the injuries and subsequent death rates of animals. Therefore, the points of the opponents in this argument are stronger than the supporters’ reasons. That is why this crue l trend should be banned as it can harm humans while abusing animals in the process. In my opinion, there is no argument to support animal testing. This means that it is morally incorrect because these innocent animals lose their freedom and life being placed in cages in laboratories. They are still restricted in cages after testing so that scientists can observe their reactions and responses to the test. Additionally, many end up dying because of the cruel and painful tests. The thing is that that the dosage of drugs that are administered are often increased. Utilitarian Approach and Failure of Animal Testing Several researchers, including Gruen (2011), have argued that ethics is not an appropriate system that is entirely noble in theory but not good in practice. Deontological approaches were identified, including rights approaches to ethics, as not practical in the real world scenario. Utilitarianism does not commence with rules but with goals, and therefore, it has significant normative specificity. This is because actions are proscribed or prescribed on the degree to which they further define goals. According to Mitchell (2010), utilitarianism is not linked to complexities required in making deontological moral theories, including rights theory, which is applicable in real moral scenarios. Traditional utilitarian approach considers a certain action as a right if it produces as much or more of an increase in happiness of all affected by it. These views about the nature of rights theory have profound effects on the rights of animals. In this regard, this paper discusses utilitarian appro ach and failure of animal testing. Utilitarianism deploys aggregation of benefits and harms in order to determine the right course of action. This might appear quite appealing because it reduces moral choices to simple arithmetic (Wolff, 2006). Nevertheless, how does an individual quantify benefits and harms, particularly in dealing with animal research? For instance, development of cardiovascular bypass integrated innumerable animal experiments, which is an enormous harm. However, it eventually resulted in success of open-heart surgery, which is an enormous benefit. The utilitarian calculation or argument might conclude that this was a justifiable use of animals. By claiming that bettering condition of animals, for example, by curing their diseases, could justify an experiment, Gruen (2011), takes an absolutist approach to animals and their rights. In addition, Gruen (2011), also acknowledges that there are variations between sentient species. Overall, humans are at extreme end of the spectrum of species yet they have a sophisticated language skills, an awareness of others, self-awareness and the ability to plan. As a result, they might have preference over other species. Just like humans, nonhuman primates might have preference over rodents. On the other hand, Mitchell (2010), has argued that animals also have rights. The life of an animal has intrinsic value to that animal, and bestows moral status to those individuals. Human beings have no mandate to exploit other animals regardless of the possible gains to human beings. Mitchell (2010), stated that the best we can do with regard to animals is not to use them for testing. Other philosophers have also fought in favor of animals on the grounds of contractarianism and reverence for life concepts. Though such concepts seem to have not received proper attention from the researchers. Human Rights, Animals Rights The debate concerning the ethics experiments involving animals, resides on the issue of moral association between nonhumans and humans (Wolff, 2006). Over the centuries, Western philosophers have viewed humans from different perspective to the rest of the animal kingdom. For instance, Aristotle believed that there was a hierarchy of animals, with human beings at the top of it. According to Aristotle, humans were at the top due to ability to reason and rational thinking. Even within humans, there is hierarchy, with men being considered more rational than women. Descartes, on the other hand, considered nonhumans to be insentient machines. As a result, they could not feel pain. Because of this reason, they could be exploited ruthlessly. Other philosophers, such as Kant, acknowledged that animals could suffer, though they lack moral status. According to Wolff (2006), Jeremy Bentham, who lived in the 18th century, predicted that the time when the animals might acquire those rights that co uld have been withheld from them. The way we treat nonhuman creatures, especially animals, indicates a distinction we make between humans, whom we consider as individuals, and nonhumans, whom we consider as things. Though one might consider some animals as having certain special features, we consider all those features to be dependent and tradable based on the judgment that the sacrifice of the features will benefit us. According to Mitchell (2010), this trade is often permissible even when the animal interest is significant and the human interest is admittedly unimportant. The use of animals for the purposes of entertainment such as rodeos or circuses reflects such scenarios where human interest seems to be more significant than animal interest. It is known that animals are neither persons under the law nor in moral theory. They are property, which implies that they exist solely as means to human disposure. According to Mitchell (2010), they have interests, which cannot be sacrificed, even when the benefit to be gai ned by human is mere amusement at the cost of great pain to the animal. On the other hand, persons refer to precisely those beings, such as corporations, having interest, which can be traded for consequential reasons alone. An example of person is de jure person, which implies that their personhood exists solely because they result from creation of the legal system. However, every person has at least some interests, though not essentially similar interests, which are safeguarded by both law and moral theory. According to Gruen (2011), these interests are safeguarded even if trading them will cause consequences that deemed to be desirables. It is thought to believe that the theory of animal rights seeks to shift at least certain nonhuman to human side. The two reasons can support this movement. The first reason is that those supporting animal exploitation argue that nonhuman is qualitatively different from humans. As a result, animals can be classified as nonhumans (Gruen, 2011). However, animal rights proponents have argued that there is no such difference since some nonhumans will be in possession of the supposedly exclusive characteristic. It is not enough to argue that the difference of species alone is morally justified; after all, to depend on species alone as morally justified is to presume a difference that requires to be proved by individuals holding such views. Secondly, it is apparent some animals have certain characteristics that we often link to personhood. For instance, Gruen (2011), argues that empirical and theoretical considerations show that some animals possess desires, memory, intention, self-conscio usness and sense of future. Attribution of several of these mental conditions shows that it is sensibly perfect to consider certain animals as psychological individuals faring well or ill during the course of their life. Since animals have desires, and the capacity to act in pursuit of their goals, they might also be considered to have preference autonomy, which is a significant characteristic for attribution of rights. A popular misconception is that animal activists argue that animals be granted similar rights as human beings. (Wolff, 2006). In addition, the criticism itself shows a primary confusion concerning the tights theory. In several ways, the animal rights theory is concerned about the inclusion of nonhumans on the humans. This inclusion should be differentiated from the matter of the scope of any rights that animals might have once we move them from the nonhuman side to human side. However, there is one sense that considering animals as persons is extremely different from considering addition humans within that class. If we acknowledge that an individual is not a â€Å"thing†, the protection we have given that individual is at the same time significant, but also the bare minimum to differentiate that individual from being a thing. Saying that an animal is included in the category of persons says nothing concerning the scope of the tights the animals might have other than saying tha t we will safeguard the rights of that animal in order to acquire personhood status (Gruen, 2011). Certain counterarguments hinge on whether animals are moral beings. Mitchell (2010), concluded that only autonomous beings have rights. As a result, animals fail to meet the requirements specified for being full members of moral community, and therefore, they fail to qualify for rights. From the same perspective, we need to distinguish non-moral from moral beings. Moral beings exist within a web of obligations and reciprocal rights created by their own dialogue. On the contrary, non-moral beings exist outside that web. Mitchell (2010), pointed out that it is both cruel and senseless to try binding non-moral beings into the web. Despite animals having no rights, we have duties and obligations to them. Mitchell (2010), also draws a division line between wild animals and those that man has made dependent on him. Certain form of contractualism provides us with the most appropriate approach to moral theory. From the moral theory discussed below, animals will be denied moral standings. Par t of the problems experienced, when invoking the moral theory in solving ethical problems of animal experimentation, is the propensity to use address it using a single theoretical construct, be it contractualism or utilitarianism, which is a rights-based, or any other. In the place of both contractualism and utilitarianism, an approach similar to that deployed in resolving ethical dilemmas in clinical practice might be helpful. Moral Theory In order to assess claims concerning the normative indeterminacy of the rights theory, two distinct components or levels of moral theory will be discussed in this paper. Comparative normative guidance of the deontological and utilitarian approaches in relation to every component will also be explored (Mitchell, 2010). The first level or component of moral theory is what the theory preferably seeks. The second level offers a normative guidance to the personal level with regard to what they theory ideally requires. Ideal and Micro Component of Moral Theory This component of moral theory requires that we ask what the theory envisages as the appropriate state, which would be attained if the theory under consideration was accepted. For animal activists, the moral theory is a theory of abolition, and not regulation of institutional exploitation. Animal activists object to the treatment of animals exclusively as means to ends. As a result, they object to the property status of animals to be bargained away provided there is some kind of human benefit involved, which allows all their interests, such as their basic interest in physical security that is a requirement to meaningful acceptance of other interests (Mitchell, 2010). This would require complete abolition of those forms of animal exploitation, which are reliant on the status of animals. According to this component of moral theory, animal exploitation is unjust to the animals. The rights theory is considerably clear about this component of moral theory. As the rights theory condemns the institutionalized exploitation of nonhumans, it also condemns direct participation in exploitation of animals (Mitchell, 2010). If an individual proposes the abolition of human slavery due to its unjustness, that individual would seemingly conclude that ownership by a master is violative of the rights. Likewise, an individual exploiting animals by using them for experiments or eating their meat also perpetrates suffering among animals. However, a difficult moral issue remains unsolved. It is not possible to avoid participating in institutionalized exploitation of animals, because almost each aspect of our lives is some way linked to institutionalized animal exploitation. As such, animal activists and rights advocate are faced with difficult decisions, for instance, as to whether to utilize drugs tested on animals. Utilitarian theory is different from traditional animal welfare because it considers the long-term animal liberation. The long-term goal is more progressive than the conventional Welfarist approach provided every one of us agree on how to describe the competing interest. According to Wolff (2006), utilitarian theory is the same as animal welfare since it demands that we balance the interests of human beings against the interests of animals under circumstances threatening to compromise evaluation of animal interests in any event. Macro Component of Moral Theory In order to assess the claim that animal rights is unrealistic, absolutist or utopian, we must examine the macro aspects of rights theory. Finding a single instance in which the advocates of animal rights support the concept that there is any possibility of immediate action, which will lead to the immediate abolition of all institutionalized exploitation is a difficult task (Wolff, 2006). The only way that such an effort could succeed is if we were willing to rise up in violent confrontation given the large numbers of people participating in institutionalized exploitation. However, if there is sufficient numbers of people to make such scenario, the confrontation would be unnecessary, because people would be capable of effecting dramatic changes in treatment of animals via political means. According to Gruen (2011), nothing in the rights theory essentially precludes the animal advocate from pursuing judicial change or incremental legislative. However, it is hard to think that we can speak meaningfully of legal rights for animals only if they are considered property. In order to put the issue in the context of my earlier discussion of basic rights, only if animals are property, then their rights or those that are a requirement for the enjoyment of other non-basic rights can be sacrificed provided some benefit is found to exist. If we can kill animals for food, use them for experimentation, imprison animals in cages at zoos for amusement, or shoot them for fun, then saying that animals have rights is merely an abstract sense. According to Gruen (2011), basic rights are a requirement to enjoyment of non-basic rights. In addition, possession of non-basic in the absence of basic rights is useless. The opponents would respond that each movement achieves rights incrementally. For instance, Gruen (2011), cited that progress is made incrementally in social movement via continual reform. Gruen (2011), tried to compare the incremental progress made in social movement to the incremental progress made towards obliteration of exploitation of animals. This attempt failed to for the reason that no other circumstance is comparable with regard to the baseline protection afforded to nonhumans. To put the issue differently, once we have individuals who are holders of basic rights, it makes sense to talk about making incremental reforms in rights. Animal Testing and Ethics According to the opponents of animal testing, pain is an inherent evil, and any action causing pain to another creature, whether human or nonhuman, is not morally allowed. With regard to Wolff (2006), who is a utilitarian, animal activists claim that the moral question concerning animals is neither whether they can reason, nor whether they can talk. A researcher who forces rats to choose between starvation and electric shocks, in order to see if they can suffer from ulcers, does so, since he or she knows that rats have a similar nervous system as that of human. Pain is inherently an evil, whether witnessed by an adult, an animal or a child. If it is not right to inflict pain on people, it is also wrong to inflict pain on nonhumans. In addition, it is suggested that the lives of creatures, both small and large, have value and should be respected. The right to be treated with respect does not rely on the capability to reason. Just like an insane should be treated with respect despite inability to act rationally, animals should also be treated with respect, this does not involve people exploiting animals and depriving them of their right to life. The right to treatment with respect rests on a creature being a subject of life, with certain preferences, experiences and interests. Like human beings, animals are subjects of life. Painful animal testing is not morally permissible. Utilitarianism does not commence with rules but with goals, and therefore, it has significant normative specificity. Utilitarian approach might appear quite appealing because it reduces moral choices to simple arithmetic. The way people treat nonhuman creatures, especially animals, indicates a distinction they make between humans, whom we consider as individuals, and nonhumans, whom we consider as things. There are certain counterarguments that hinge on whether animals are moral beings. The macro component of moral theory requires that we ask what the theory envisages as the appropriate state, which would be attained if the theory under consideration was accepted. Finally, issue can be supported by claiming that most scientific research involving animal testing has no scientific merit, since most scientific experiments are performed out of curiosity. Animals are shocked, burned, stared and poisoned as researchers look for information that might result in human benefit.